How many pairs of ribs normally make up the rib cage?
A
10 pairs
B
11 pairs
C
12 pairs
D
13 pairs
Explanation: explanation: The human rib cage has 12 pairs of ribs.
source_reference: Thorax (Pr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year, Constantine.
source_course_title: Thorax
theme: Thorax
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Which odd, middle bone closes the rib cage anteriorly?
A
The sternum
B
The costal manubrium
C
The collarbone
D
The dorsal spine
Explanation: explanation: The sternum closes the thorax forward.
source_reference: Thorax (Pr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Thorax
theme: Thorax
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The mediastinum is limited laterally by:
A
Mediastinal pleura
B
The sternum
C
The dorsal spine
D
The diaphragm
Explanation: explanation: The lateral limits of the mediastinum are the mediastinal pleura.
source_reference: The mediastinum (Dr.Bayoud) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: The mediastinum
theme: Mediastinum
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The septum primum and the septum secundum participate in septation:
A
Ventricles
B
Earbuds
C
From the truncus arteriosus
D
From the venous sinus
Explanation: explanation: Septum primum and secundum partition the atria.
source_reference: Embryology of the heart (Pr.Benleghib) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Embryology of the heart
theme: Cardiac embryology
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Spiral septation of the truncus arteriosus gives rise to:
A
The aorta and the pulmonary artery
B
Both earbuds
C
The venae cavae
D
The interventricular septum
Explanation: explanation: The spiral septum separates the aorta and pulmonary artery.
source_reference: Embryology of the cardiovascular system (Dr.Yabka) — Anatomy 2nd year, Blida.
source_course_title: Embryology of the cardiovascular system
theme: Vascular embryology
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
What is the general shape of the heart classically described in anatomy?
A
Spherical
B
Triangular pyramid with left antero-inferior apex
C
Cylindrical
D
Flattened into a disk
Explanation: explanation: The heart is a triangular pyramid with a left antero-inferior apex.
source_reference: External configuration of the heart (Dr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Exterior configuration of the heart
theme: External core configuration
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The left atrioventricular (mitral) valve includes:
A
Three cusps
B
Two cusps
C
Four cusps
D
No cusp
Explanation: explanation: The mitral valve is bicuspid.
source_reference: Interior configuration of the heart (Dr.Boukoffa) — Anatomy 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Interior configuration of the heart
theme: Internal configuration of the heart
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Where is the sinus node anatomically located (from Keith and Flack)?
A
In the wall of the right atrium, near the junction of the superior vena cava
B
At the apex of the left ventricle
C
In the interventricular septum
D
In the wall of the left atrium
Explanation: explanation: The sinus node sits in the right atrium, near the superior vena cava.
source_reference: Structure of the heart and nodal tissue (Dr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Structure of the heart and nodal tissue
theme: Nodal tissue (anatomy)
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
What is the muscular layer making up most of the heart wall?
A
The endocardium
B
The myocardium
C
The fibrous pericardium
D
Epicardium
Explanation: explanation: The myocardium is the main muscular layer of the heart.
source_reference: Structure of the heart and pericardium (Dr.Bousba) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Structure of the heart and pericardium
theme: Structure of the heart
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
In what order do the segments of the thoracic aorta follow one another from the left ventricle?
A
Cross, ascending aorta, descending aorta
B
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta
C
Descending, ascending, arch aorta
D
Cross, descending, ascending aorta
Explanation: explanation: Ascending → cross → descending.
source_reference: Thoracic aorta (Dr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Thoracic aorta
theme: Thoracic aorta
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The right and left coronary arteries arise:
A
From the arch of the aorta
B
Aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta
C
From the pulmonary artery
D
From the brachiocephalic trunk
Explanation: explanation: The coronaries arise from the sinuses of the ascending aorta.
source_reference: Arterial vascularization of the heart (Pr.Grine) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Arterial vascularization of the heart
theme: Arterial vascularization of the heart
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Most of the heart's venous blood drains into:
A
The left atrium
B
The coronary sinus which opens into the right atrium
C
The superior vena cava
D
The pulmonary artery
Explanation: explanation: The coronary sinus drains the heart into the right atrium.
source_reference: Veins and lymphatics of the heart (Pr.Benleghib) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Veins and lymphatics of the heart
theme: Veins of the heart
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
What structure classically marks the boundary between upper and lower airways?
A
The pharynx
B
The larynx
C
The tracheal carina
D
The bronchioles
Explanation: explanation: The larynx separates the upper and lower tracts.
source_reference: General information on the respiratory system (Dr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: General information on the respiratory system
theme: Respiratory system (general)
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The nasal turbinates are located on the wall of the nasal cavity:
A
Medial (partition)
B
Lateral
C
Lower only
D
Posterior exclusively
Explanation: explanation: The horns are implanted on the side wall.
source_reference: Nasal cavity (Pr.Baba Ahmed) — Anatomy 2nd year, Tlemcen.
source_course_title: Nasal passages
theme: Nasal passages
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
What is the largest cartilage of the larynx?
A
Cricoid cartilage
B
Thyroid cartilage
C
The epiglottis
D
Arytenoid cartilages
Explanation: explanation: The thyroid cartilage is the largest.
source_reference: Larynx (Pr.Baba Ahmed) — Anatomy 2nd year, Tlemcen.
source_course_title: Larynx
theme: Larynx
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The most vertical and widest main bronchus (stem), therefore more exposed to foreign bodies, is:
A
The left
B
The right
C
Both tied
D
The middle lobar bronchus
Explanation: explanation: The right main bronchus is more vertical and wide.
source_reference: Tracheobronchial tree (Pr.Grine) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Tracheobronchial tree
theme: Tracheobronchial tree
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The trachea ends at the level of the carina by its division into:
A
Two lobar bronchi
B
Two main bronchi (stems)
C
Three segmental bronchi
D
Terminal bronchioles
Explanation: explanation: The trachea divides into two main bronchi at the carina.
source_reference: Trachea and bronchial segmentation (Dr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Trachea and bronchial segmentation
theme: Trachea (anatomy)
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
What is the main inspiration muscle?
A
Internal intercostal muscles
B
The diaphragm
C
Abdominal muscles
D
The sternocleidomastoid muscle
Explanation: explanation: The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle.
source_reference: Motor muscles of ventilation (Pr.Benleghib) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Motor muscles of ventilation
theme: Ventilation muscles
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
The pulmonary trunk arises from:
A
The right atrium
B
The right ventricle
C
The left ventricle
D
The left atrium
Explanation: explanation: The pulmonary trunk arises from the right ventricle.
source_reference: Large vessels (Dr.Abdallah) — Anatomy 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Large ships
theme: Large ships
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Which of the following organs are contained in the mediastinum?
A
The heart and pericardium
B
The lungs
C
Thoracic esophagus
D
The thoracic trachea
Explanation: explanation: The mediastinum is the midthoracic space; the lungs are lateral.
source_reference: The mediastinum (Dr.Bayoud) — Anatomy 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: The mediastinum
theme: Mediastinum
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Regarding the furrows on the surface of the heart, which statements are correct?
A
The coronary (atrioventricular) groove separates the atria from the ventricles
B
The anterior interventricular groove houses the anterior interventricular artery
C
The coronary sulcus contains the ascending aorta
D
The furrows house the coronary vessels
Explanation: explanation: The cardiac furrows house the coronary vessels.
source_reference: Exterior and interior configuration of the heart (Pr.Benleghib) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Exterior and interior configuration of the heart
theme: External core configuration
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Which of the structures belonging to the right ventricle are correct?
A
The tricuspid valve
B
The papillary muscles (pillars)
C
The chordae tendineae
D
The mitral valve
Explanation: explanation: The tricuspid, pillars and cords belong to the right heart.
source_reference: Interior configuration of the heart (Dr.Bousba) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Interior configuration of the heart
theme: Internal configuration of the heart
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Concerning the pericardium, which propositions are correct?
A
It includes a fibrous pericardium and a serous pericardium
B
The serous pericardium has a parietal layer and a visceral layer
C
The pericardial cavity normally contains a thin layer of fluid
D
The fibrous pericardium is directly attached to the myocardium
Explanation: explanation: The pericardium combines a fibrous sac and a two-layered serosa.
source_reference: Pericardium and relationships of the heart (Pr.Boulacel) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Pericardium and relationships of the heart
theme: Pericardium
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Which arteries arise from the arch of the aorta?
A
The brachiocephalic arterial trunk
B
The left common carotid artery
C
The left subclavian artery
D
Coronary arteries
Explanation: explanation: The cross gives the TABC, the left common carotid and the left subclavian.
source_reference: Aorta and its branches (Dr.Bousba) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Aorta and its branches
theme: Branches of the aortic arch
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Concerning the left coronary artery, which propositions are correct?
A
It divides into the anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery.
B
It vascularizes a large part of the left ventricle
C
It arises from the left aortic sinus
D
It gives the sinus node artery in the majority of cases
Explanation: explanation: The left coronary is divided into IVA and circumflex.
source_reference: Vessels of the heart (Dr.Bousba) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Vessels of the heart
theme: Vessels of the heart
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Concerning the cava and azygos system, which propositions are correct?
A
The superior vena cava drains the supradiaphragmatic part of the body
B
The inferior vena cava drains the subdiaphragmatic part
C
The venae cavae enter the left atrium
D
The azygos system participates in drainage of the chest wall
Explanation: explanation: The caves flow into the right atrium; the azygos drains the chest wall.
source_reference: Cava system and azygos system (Dr.Dous) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cava system and azygos system
theme: Cava and azygos system
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Regarding lung lobation, which propositions are correct?
A
The right lung has three lobes
B
The left lung has two lobes
C
The left lung has a lingula
D
The left lung has three lobes
Explanation: explanation: Right lung: 3 lobes; left lung: 2 lobes + lingula.
source_reference: Bronchial and pulmonary segmentation (Dr.Belhoula) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Bronchial and pulmonary segmentation
theme: Lung segmentation
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Concerning the pleura, which propositions are correct?
A
It includes a parietal layer and a visceral layer
B
The visceral layer covers the lung
C
The pleural cavity is normally at slightly negative pressure
D
The parietal layer directly covers the pulmonary parenchyma
Explanation: explanation: The pleura has two layers; the visceral covers the lung.
source_reference: Lungs and pleura (Dr.Si ali) — Anatomy 2nd year, Tlemcen.
source_course_title: Lungs and pleura
theme: Lungs and pleura
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
Briefly describe the main stages in the formation of the primary heart tube and its fate.
Explanation: explanation: Summary question on embryonic heart development.
source_reference: Embryology of the heart and blood vessels (Pr.Amrane) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Embryology of the heart and blood vessels
theme: Cardiac embryology
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
List the principal relationships of the heart to the mediastinum.
Explanation: explanation: Summary of anatomical reports of the heart.
source_reference: Pericardium and relationships of the heart (Pr.Grine) — Anatomy 2nd year.
source_course_title: Pericardium and relationships of the heart
theme: Relationships of the heart
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_anatomy
From the inside out, the three tunics of the heart wall are:
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
B
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
C
Myocardium, endocardium, epicardium
D
Endocardium, epicardium, myocardium
Explanation: explanation: Endocardium → myocardium → epicardium.
source_reference: Heart wall (Dr.Slimani) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Heart wall
theme: Heart wall
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Cardiomyocytes are linked together by specialized structures called:
A
Intercalary discs (scalariform streaks)
B
Desmosomes isolated only
C
Basement membranes
D
Elastic blades
Explanation: explanation: Intercalary discs connect cardiomyocytes.
source_reference: Heart wall (Dr.Slimani) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Heart wall
theme: Myocardium
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Compared to an artery of the same caliber, the vein is characterized by:
A
Thicker wall and smaller lumen
B
Thinner wall and wider lumen
C
An ever more developed media
D
A total absence of tunica adventitia
Explanation: explanation: Vein: thin wall, wide lumen.
source_reference: Veins (Dr.Kebir) — Histology 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Veins
theme: Histology of veins
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
The endocardium is in histological continuity with:
A
Pleural mesothelium
B
The endothelium of the vessels
C
The alveolar epithelium
D
The fibrous pericardium
Explanation: explanation: Endocardium and vascular endothelium are continuous.
source_reference: Cardiovascular system (Dr. Boutebba) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiovascular system
theme: Circulatory system (history)
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Microcirculation refers to the functional ensemble consisting of:
A
The aorta and its large branches
B
Arterioles, capillaries and Venules
C
The vena cavae only
D
The coronary sinus
Explanation: explanation: Microcirculation = arterioles + capillaries + Venules.
source_reference: Microcirculation (Dr.Afoutni) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Microcirculation
theme: Microcirculation
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
The typical respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways is:
A
A simple squamous epithelium
B
A ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
C
A simple non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium
D
A keratinized epithelium
Explanation: explanation: Respiratory epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified + goblet cells.
source_reference: Upper airways (Dr.Afoutni) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Upper airways
theme: Upper airways (histo)
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
What characteristic distinguishes the bronchiole from the bronchus?
A
Presence of cartilaginous rings
B
Absence of cartilage and glands in the wall
C
Presence of numerous goblet cells
D
Keratinized squamous epithelium
Explanation: explanation: The bronchiole has no cartilage or glands.
source_reference: Bronchi and bronchioles (Dr.Tolba) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Bronchi and bronchioles
theme: Bronchioles
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Histologically, the pleura is a serosa lined by:
A
A mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
B
A ciliated respiratory epithelium
C
A fenestrated endothelium
D
A glandular epithelium
Explanation: explanation: The pleura is lined with mesothelium.
source_reference: Pleura (Dr. Oudina) — Histology 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Pleura
theme: Pleura (history)
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
The respiratory bud (tracheobronchial diverticulum) develops from:
A
The ectoderm
B
The foregut (endoderm)
C
Paraxial mesoderm
D
The neural crest
Explanation: explanation: The respiratory bud arises from the endodermal foregut.
source_reference: Embryological development of the respiratory system (Dr.Slimani) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Embryological development of the respiratory system
theme: Respiratory development (history)
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
An arteriovenous anastomosis allows:
A
The direct passage of blood from an arteriole to a Venule by bypassing the capillary
B
To systematically increase hair exchanges
C
To filter the lymph
D
To produce red blood cells
Explanation: explanation: The A-V anastomosis short-circuits the capillary.
source_reference: Special vascular devices (Dr.Kherraf) — Histology 2nd year, faculty 13.
source_course_title: Special vascular devices
theme: Vascular devices
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
The cardiac nodal tissue is made up of:
A
Cardiomyocytes specialized in automatism and conduction
B
Skeletal muscle fibers
C
Pure adipose tissue
D
Glandular epithelial cells
Explanation: explanation: The nodal tissue = specialized conducting cardiomyocytes.
source_reference: Heart (Dr.Kherraf) — Histology 2nd year, faculty 13.
source_course_title: Heart
theme: Heart (histo)
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Concerning the arterial wall, which propositions are correct?
A
It includes three tunics: intima, media and adventitia
B
The media of elastic arteries is rich in elastic laminae
C
The media of muscular arteries is rich in smooth muscle cells
D
The intima is the outermost tunic
Explanation: explanation: Intima (internal), media, adventitia (external).
source_reference: Arteries (Pr.Boutebba) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Arteries
theme: Artery histology
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Regarding blood capillaries, which statements are correct?
A
Their wall is essentially formed of an endothelium on a basal lamina
B
There are continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries (sinusoids)
C
They constitute the main site of exchanges between blood and tissues
D
Their wall has a thick muscular media
Explanation: explanation: The capillary is an endothelial tube, site of exchanges.
source_reference: Capillaries (Dr.Maayoufi & Dr.Djebien) — Histology 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Capillaries
theme: Capillaries
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Concerning the wall of the trachea and bronchi, which propositions are correct?
A
The trachea has horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings
B
The bronchi contain plates of cartilage
C
The trachealis muscle closes the cartilaginous arch posteriorly
D
Bronchioles have cartilage in their wall
Explanation: explanation: Trachea/bronchi: cartilage present; bronchioles: no cartilage.
source_reference: Lower airways (Dr.Benmadjate) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Lower airways
theme: Trachea and bronchi (history)
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Concerning alveolar pneumocytes, which propositions are correct?
A
Pneumocytes I are flattened and ensure gas exchange
B
Pneumocytes II secrete surfactant
C
Pneumocytes II can regenerate pneumocytes I
D
Pneumocytes I secrete surfactant
Explanation: explanation: Pneumocyte I: exchanges; pneumocyte II: surfactant and regeneration.
source_reference: Exchange zone (Dr. Rahim) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Exchange zone
theme: Exchange zone / alveolus
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
Describe the histological constitution of the alveolar-capillary barrier.
Explanation: explanation: Summary question on the ultrastructure of the respiratory barrier.
source_reference: Exchange zone (Dr. Rahim) — Histology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Exchange zone
theme: Alveolar-capillary barrier
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_histology
What is the dominant physiological pacemaker of the heart?
A
The atrioventricular node
B
The sinus node
C
His bundle
D
Purkinje fibers
Explanation: explanation: The sinus node is the dominant pacemaker.
source_reference: Cardiac electrophysiology (Dr. Bougrida) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiac electrophysiology
theme: Cardiac electrophysiology
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
On the electrocardiogram, the P wave corresponds to:
A
Ventricular depolarization
B
Atrial depolarization
C
Ventricular repolarization
D
Atrial repolarization
Explanation: explanation: The P wave = atrial depolarization.
source_reference: ECG (Dr.Abbou) — Physiology 2nd year, faculty 13.
source_course_title: ECG
theme: ECG
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
The phase during which the ventricles fill with blood corresponds to:
A
Ventricular systole
B
Ventricular diastole
C
Isolated atrial systole
D
The isovolumetric contraction phase
Explanation: explanation: Ventricular filling takes place in diastole.
source_reference: Cardiac cycle (Dr.Bourahli) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiac cycle
theme: Cardiac cycle
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Cardiac output is defined by the relationship:
A
Flow = heart rate × stroke volume
B
Flow = blood pressure × resistance
C
Flow = end-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume only
D
Flow = heart rate ÷ stroke volume
Explanation: explanation: DC = HR × VES.
source_reference: Cardiac output (Dr.Bourahli) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiac output
theme: Cardiac output
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Average arterial pressure can be approximated by:
A
MAP ≈ systolic BP + 2 × diastolic BP
B
MAP ≈ diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP − diastolic BP)
C
MAP ≈ (systolic − diastolic) × 3
D
MAP ≈ Systolic BP × heart rate
Explanation: explanation: PAM ≈ PAd + 1/3 (PAs − PAd).
source_reference: Blood pressure (Dr.Gouasmia) — Physiology 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Blood pressure
theme: Blood pressure
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Coronary perfusion of the left ventricle occurs essentially during:
A
Systole
B
Diastole
C
Both systole and diastole
D
Isovolumetric contraction
Explanation: explanation: Left coronary perfusion is mainly diastolic.
source_reference: Coronary circulation (Dr.Bourahli) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Coronary circulation
theme: Coronary circulation
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
The low pressure system (venous side and pulmonary capillary) mainly plays a role of:
A
Blood volume reservoir
B
Generation of systemic blood pressure
C
Glomerular filtration
D
Surfactant production
Explanation: explanation: The low pressure system is a volume tank.
source_reference: Low pressure system (Dr.Khelifi) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Low pressure system
theme: Low pressure system
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Among the factors favoring venous return, we find:
A
The lower limb muscle pump
B
The isolated increase in arterial afterload
C
Vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries
D
Closure of the sigmoid valves
Explanation: explanation: The muscular pump promotes venous return.
source_reference: Venous circulation — Physiology 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Venous circulation
theme: Venous circulation
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
During resting inspiration:
A
Intra-alveolar pressure becomes higher than atmospheric pressure
B
Intra-alveolar pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure
C
The diaphragm relaxes
D
Chest volume decreases
Explanation: explanation: On inspiration, alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric.
source_reference: Ventilatory mechanics (Pr.Aissaoui) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Ventilatory mechanics
theme: Ventilatory mechanics
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Alveolar ventilation corresponds to:
A
Total ventilation minus dead space ventilation
B
Total ventilation plus dead space
C
The only volume of dead space
D
Functional residual capacity
Explanation: explanation: VA = total ventilation − dead space.
source_reference: Alveolar ventilation (Dr.Bourdim) — Physiology 2nd year, Sétif.
source_course_title: Alveolar ventilation
theme: Alveolar ventilation
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
The passage of O2 from the alveolus to the blood is done by:
A
Active transport consuming ATP
B
Passive diffusion according to the partial pressure gradient
C
Phagocytosis by pneumocytes
D
Glandular secretion
Explanation: explanation: Gas exchanges take place by passive diffusion.
source_reference: Alveolocapillary exchanges (Pr.Aissaoui) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Alveolocapillary exchanges
theme: Alveolar-capillary exchanges
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
The overall ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/Q) of the lung is on average close to:
Explanation: explanation: The average VA/Q ratio is approximately 0.8.
source_reference: Ventilation-perfusion ratio (Pr.Aissaoui) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Ventilation-perfusion ratio
theme: Ventilation-perfusion ratio
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
What pigment ensures the transport of oxygen in the blood?
A
Albumin
B
Hemoglobin
C
Fibrinogen
D
Plasma myoglobin
Explanation: explanation: Hemoglobin transports O2.
source_reference: Respiratory function of the blood (Dr.Bensouag) — Physiology 2nd year, Sétif.
source_course_title: Respiratory function of blood
theme: Respiratory function of blood
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Compared to systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation is a regime:
A
High pressure and high strength
B
Low pressure and low resistance
C
At zero pressure
D
At flow independent of systemic flow
Explanation: explanation: Pulmonary circulation is a low pressure regime.
source_reference: Pulmonary circulation — Physiology 2nd year, Annaba.
source_course_title: Pulmonary circulation
theme: Pulmonary circulation
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Concerning the action potential of the contractile myocardial cell, which propositions are correct?
A
Rapid depolarization (phase 0) is due to the entry of Na+
B
The plateau (phase 2) is linked to the entry of Ca2+
C
The final repolarization is due to the exit of K+
D
The plateau is due to the massive entry of Cl-
Explanation: explanation: Na+ (phase 0), Ca2+ (plateau), K+ (repolarization).
source_reference: Cardiac electrophysiology (Dr.Bourahli) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiac electrophysiology
theme: Cardiac action potential
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Regarding heart sounds, which statements are correct?
A
The first sound (B1) corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular valves
B
The second sound (B2) corresponds to the closure of the sigmoid valves (aortic and pulmonary)
C
B1 marks the start of ventricular systole
D
B2 corresponds to the opening of the atrioventricular valves
Explanation: explanation: B1 = A-V closure (systole); B2 = sigmoid closure (diastole).
source_reference: Cardiac cycle (Pr.Khelifi) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiac cycle
theme: Cardiac cycle
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Regarding the short-term regulation of blood pressure, which propositions are correct?
A
The baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and the aortic arch participate in this
B
A drop in pressure results in reflex sympathetic stimulation
C
The baroreflex acts in seconds
D
The renin-angiotensin system acts in seconds (immediate regulation)
Explanation: explanation: The baroreflex ensures rapid regulation; the RAAS slow regulation.
source_reference: Regulation of blood pressure (Pr.Aissaoui) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Regulation of blood pressure
theme: Regulation of blood pressure
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Concerning lung volumes and capacities, which propositions are accurate?
A
Tidal volume is the volume mobilized during each resting respiratory cycle.
B
Vital capacity is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.
C
Residual volume cannot be measured by simple spirometry
D
Vital capacity includes residual volume
Explanation: explanation: CV = VC + VRI + VRE; the VR is not in the CV.
source_reference: Ventilatory mechanics (Pr. Bougrida) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Ventilatory mechanics
theme: Lung volumes
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Concerning the transport of gases in the blood, which propositions are correct?
A
O2 is transported mainly linked to hemoglobin
B
CO2 is transported partly in the form of bicarbonates
C
The hemoglobin dissociation curve for O2 is sigmoid
D
Almost all O2 is transported dissolved in plasma
Explanation: explanation: O2 on Hb (sigmoid curve); CO2 especially in bicarbonates.
source_reference: Transport of gases in the blood (Pr.Aissaoui) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Transport of gases in the blood
theme: Gas transport
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Regarding hemostasis, which propositions are correct?
A
Primary hemostasis results in platelet nail
B
Coagulation results in the formation of fibrin
C
Fibrinolysis allows the dissolution of the clot
D
Primary hemostasis directly forms fibrin
Explanation: explanation: Primary hemostasis → coagulation (fibrin) → fibrinolysis.
source_reference: Physiology of hemostasis (Pr.Bouroubi) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Physiology of hemostasis
theme: Hemostasis
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Name the main determinants of stroke volume.
Explanation: explanation: Summary of VES determinants: preload, contractility, afterload.
source_reference: Cardiac output (Dr.Martani) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Cardiac output
theme: Cardiac output
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
Explain how PaCO2 regulates ventilation.
Explanation: explanation: Summary of the chemical control of ventilation by CO2.
source_reference: Regulation of respiration (Pr.Aissaoui) — Physiology 2nd year.
source_course_title: Regulation of breathing
theme: Regulation of breathing
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_physiology
The basic hemodynamic relationship linking flow, pressure and resistance is written:
A
Flow = ΔPressure / Resistance
B
Flow = ΔPressure × Resistance
C
Resistance = Flow × Pressure
D
Pressure = Flow / Resistance
Explanation: explanation: Q = ΔP / R.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Hemodynamics
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
The Reynolds number makes it possible to predict:
A
The transition between laminar and turbulent flow
B
The amount of dissolved oxygen
C
Heart rate
D
Lung compliance
Explanation: explanation: Reynolds predicts laminar/turbulent passage.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Flow regimes
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
Blood is a fluid:
A
Perfect Newtonian whatever the flow rate
B
Non-Newtonian whose viscosity varies with hematocrit and flow rate
C
Zero viscosity
D
Still less viscous than water
Explanation: explanation: Blood is non-Newtonian.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Viscosity
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
From a biophysical point of view, the main effect of alveolar surfactant is:
A
Increase surface tension
B
Reduce surface tension and stabilize the alveoli
C
Increase blood viscosity
D
Eliminate the diffusion of gases
Explanation: explanation: Surfactant lowers surface tension.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Surface tension / surfactant
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
The compliance of an elastic system (lung, vessel) is defined by:
A
The volume variation/pressure variation ratio (ΔV/ΔP)
B
The pressure variation/volume variation ratio (ΔP/ΔV)
C
The pressure × volume product
D
Viscosity divided by radius
Explanation: explanation: Compliance = ΔV/ΔP.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Compliance
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
In a liquid at rest, the hydrostatic pressure at a point:
A
Is independent of depth
B
Increases with depth (P = ρgh)
C
Decreases with depth
D
Depends only on temperature
Explanation: explanation: Hydrostatic P = ρgh, increases with depth.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Hydrostatic pressure
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
According to Poiseuille's law, the resistance to the flow of a liquid in a tube depends on:
A
Tube length (proportional)
B
Fluid viscosity (proportional)
C
The radius of the tube raised to the power of 4 (inversely proportional)
D
The color of the fluid
Explanation: explanation: R = 8ηL/(πr⁴): the radius is the dominant factor.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Poiseuille’s law
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
Concerning Laplace's law applied to cardio-respiratory structures, which propositions are accurate?
A
For a sphere, the wall tension increases with the radius at a given pressure
B
It applies to ventricular wall tension
C
It helps to understand the stability of the alveoli and the role of surfactant
D
It states that the pressure is independent of the radius
Explanation: explanation: Laplace connects pressure, tension and radius (P = 2T/r).
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Laplace's law
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
Concerning the diffusion of gases according to Fick's law, which propositions are correct?
A
The flow is proportional to the exchange surface
B
The flow is proportional to the partial pressure gradient
C
The flow is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
D
The flow is independent of the exchange surface
Explanation: explanation: Fick: flux ∝ surface × gradient / thickness.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Diffusion / Fick's law
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
Explain why a small variation in vascular radius has a major effect on flow, using Poiseuille's law.
Explanation: explanation: Summary of the effect of the radius (power 4) in Poiseuille's law.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Poiseuille’s law
difficulty: difficult
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
Describe the Starling equilibrium governing fluid exchange at the capillary level.
Explanation: explanation: Summary of Starling's law of capillary exchanges.
source_reference: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart — Biophysics 2nd year.
source_course_title: Unit 1 course: Fluids, hemodynamics and biophysics of the heart
theme: Hair exchanges (Starling)
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_biophysics
The first action of the first aid worker at the scene of an accident is to:
A
Give the victim a drink
B
Protect the victim, himself and witnesses of the accident
C
Transport the victim immediately
D
Call family
Explanation: explanation: Protect first to avoid over-accident.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Protect
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
When alerting emergency services, it is essential to specify:
A
Only his personal number
B
The precise location, the nature of the problem and the condition of the victim
C
Only the time of the accident
D
The name of the victim's treating doctor
Explanation: explanation: The alert specifies the location, nature and condition of the victims.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Alert
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
Cardiorespiratory arrest is recognized in adults by:
A
An unconscious victim who is not breathing (or gasping)
B
A victim who speaks normally
C
A simple pain in the arm
D
An isolated fever
Explanation: explanation: ACR = unconsciousness + absence of normal breathing.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Cardiorespiratory arrest
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
The purpose of the automated external defibrillator (AED) is to:
A
Warm the victim
B
Analyze heart rhythm and deliver a shock if necessary
C
Measure blood sugar
D
Immobilize a fracture
Explanation: explanation: The AED analyzes the rhythm and delivers a shock if indicated.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: DAE
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
During the rhythm analysis by the AED, the rescuer must:
A
Continue compressions without interruption
B
Do not touch the victim again
C
Lift the victim
D
Remove the electrodes
Explanation: explanation: We do not touch the victim during the analysis/shock.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: AED — use
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
Faced with partial obstruction of the airways where the victim is coughing effectively, it is necessary:
A
Immediately practice the Heimlich maneuver
B
Encourage the victim to cough and monitor them
C
Give water to drink
D
Lay the victim flat
Explanation: explanation: Effective partial obstruction: encourage coughing, monitor.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Partial obstruction
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
The rescuer's behavior plan when dealing with a victim includes:
A
Protect
B
Examine
C
Alert emergency services
D
Leave the scene without taking action
Explanation: explanation: Protect, examine, alert, rescue.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: General conduct of the first aider
difficulty: easy
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
Concerning cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults, which proposals are correct?
A
Chest compressions are done in the center of the thorax
B
The recommended rate is approximately 100 to 120 compressions per minute
C
The classic ratio is 30 compressions for 2 breaths
D
Compressions should be superficial and slow
Explanation: explanation: Adult CPR: center chest, 100-120/min, 30:2.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
Faced with serious and complete obstruction of the airways in conscious adults, we perform:
A
Vigorous slaps on the back
B
Abdominal compressions (Heimlich maneuver)
C
Alternating back slaps / abdominal compressions
D
We just wait for it to pass without doing anything
Explanation: explanation: Complete obstruction: back slaps + abdominal compressions.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Airway obstruction
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid
List the main signs suggesting respiratory distress in a victim.
Explanation: explanation: Summary of signs of respiratory distress and initial action.
source_reference: First aid training 2022 — First aid 2nd year.
source_course_title: First aid training 2022
theme: Respiratory distress
difficulty: medium
submodule_key: y2_cardio_respiratory_first aid