5th year · Endocrinology

Explanation: explanation: The coupling “low peripheral hormone + high pituitary stimulation” indicates the peripheral origin. A low stimulus with low peripheral hormone (B) suggests central damage (pituitary/hypothalamic). Profiles C and D do not correspond to peripheral insufficiency. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Primary vs. secondary involvement difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: Stimulation tests serve to unmask an insufficiency (reserve), braking tests to unmask secretory autonomy. They complement and do not replace the basal dosage (B false). Autonomic hyperfunction is rather confirmed by braking, not by isolated static dosage (C). D is off topic. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Basal dosing vs dynamic testing difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: Autonomy is defined by escape from retrocontrol: no braking. A physiological response remains brakeable (B, D describe a conserved regulation). A proportionate stimulus/hormone elevation (C) suggests inappropriate secretion of central origin, not peripheral autonomy. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Autonomic secretion vs physiological stimulation difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: The classic staging is: primary = peripheral gland, secondary = pituitary, tertiary = hypothalamus. B corresponds to primary, C to secondary, D does not enter into this axis classification. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Tertiary involvement difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: In resistance, the hormone is high but ineffective at the receptor level, hence the high hormone/low tissue effect contrast. B is contradictory, C is normal, D describes an autonomic hypersecretion slowing down stimulation. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Hyperfunction vs hormonal resistance difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: A is correct: interpreting hormones and stimuli together locates the stage. B is correct: braking tests autonomy. This is correct: stimulation tests the reserve. D is false: an isolated static dosage is often insufficient to confirm central damage, which sometimes requires dynamic tests. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Exploring the axes difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: A and B describe basic semiological logic. D is correct: clinical and biology are not always synchronous. This is false: an isolated biological anomaly (rude/subclinical form) does not necessarily imply a complete clinical syndrome. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Signs of hyper and hypofunction difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: The correct approach is to confirm the anomaly (reproducibility, sampling conditions) and to confront it in the clinic. To immediately conclude that there is a patent disease (B), resistance (C) or tertiary damage (D) would be premature. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Isolated biological abnormality vs clinical syndrome difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: The central educational point is feedback: discordance of the two dosages = peripheral origin; concordance = central origin. source_reference: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) source_course_title: Endocrine semiology (Pr.Boudaoud); Regulation and exploration of the endocrine system (Dr.Kaouache); Exploration of the anterior pituitary (Pr. Nouri) theme: Primary vs secondary vs tertiary difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_semiologie_endocrine_explorations module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Semiology and endocrine explorations

Explanation: explanation: B describes diabetes insipidus (ADH deficiency), a homonymous but distinct disease. It is the opposite of diabetes mellitus. D is false because glycosuria is a consequence and not the definition, and occurs beyond a glycemic threshold. source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Definition difficulty: easy submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: B characterizes T2D (insulin resistance + relative insulinopenia). C and D do not correspond to the central mechanism of type 1 diabetes. source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: DT1 vs DT2 - mechanism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: B suggests hypothyroidism, C salt and water retention, D a cause of hypertension: none is cardinal diabetic syndrome. source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Cardinal syndrome difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: A marker of high glycemic balance (reflection of previous weeks) argues on the contrary for pre-existing diabetes (B). Ketosis (C) and heredity (D) point to real diabetes, not stress. source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Stress hyperglycemia vs diabetes difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: Unrecognized pre-existing diabetes may be present before conception. Ketosis (B) and autoimmunity (C) do not define it, and blood sugar is not normal by definition (D). source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Gestational diabetes difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: A, B and D are classic arguments for type 1 (noisy onset, ketosis, young and thin subject). C, on the contrary, describes the usual profile of type 2 (slow onset, excess weight, insulin resistance). source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: DT1 vs DT2 orientation difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C correctly distinguish the two entities: hyperglycemia and osmotic polyuria for sweet, ADH abnormality for tasteless. D is false: diabetes insipidus causes aqueous polyuria without glycosuria. source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Diabetes mellitus vs diabetes insipidus difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: Diabetes can be revealed late, already complicated: hence the initial screening. B and C are unsuitable; D overestimates the value of an isolated dosage. source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Exploration of recent discovery difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: The major pitfall is to confuse stress hyperglycemia (transient) with true diabetes (chronic). source_reference: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Definition and classification of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Nouri; Pr.Lezzar; Dr.Zaioua); Semiology of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); Exploration of recently discovered diabetes (Dr.Khodja) theme: Differential diagnosis hyperglycemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_definition_classification_diagnostic module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification and diagnosis

Explanation: explanation: Insulin is not systematically administered from the start in T2D (B). Antithyroids (C) and corticosteroids (D) are off-label and would worsen glycemic control. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: First stage DT2 difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: Thyroid hormones (B), corticosteroids (C) and diuretics (D) are not antidiabetics; Corticosteroids and certain diuretics can even be hyperglycemic. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: First-line antidiabetic difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: Direct stimulation of insulin secretion (B) characterizes insulin secretors. C and D do not correspond to the biguanide mechanism. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: Mechanism of biguanides difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: In recent balanced T2DM (B), insulin is not essential from the outset. Stress hyperglycemia (C) and glucose intolerance (D) do not require insulin therapy in principle. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: Insulin indication difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: Ketoacidosis (B) and hyperosmolarity (C) reflect insufficient treatment/insulinopenia, not excess. Retinopathy (D) is a chronic complication, not an acute effect of treatment. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: Major adverse effect difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C reflect the overall approach: blood sugar + cardiovascular risk + education. D is false: glycemic control alone is not enough, management of overall cardiovascular risk is essential. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: Treatment goals difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C describe safe and structured care. D is false and dangerous: any therapeutic adaptation requires monitoring. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: Principles of adaptation and monitoring difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: B and C reverse the mechanisms (ketacidosis is linked to insulin deficiency). D is false: excess treatment and insulin deficiency are opposites. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: Iatrogenic hypoglycemia vs spontaneous complication difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: The key message is progressiveness and the cardiovascular dimension beyond just blood sugar levels. source_reference: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) source_course_title: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Pr. Nouri); Non-insulin antidiabetics (Dr.Kaouache); Insulin therapy (Pr.Khensal; Pr.Nouri); Therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes (Dr.Kaouache) theme: DT2 general strategy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabetes_treatment_insulinotherapie_antidiabetics module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy and antidiabetics

Explanation: explanation: B describes hypoglycemia. This is not hyperglycemic decompensation. D rather describes hyperosmolar coma (major hyperglycemia without marked ketosis in the elderly). source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Ketoacidosis orientation difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Severe ketosis/acidosis (B) defines ketoacidosis. Blood sugar is not normal (C). Hyperosmolarity mainly affects older people with type 2 (D incorrect). source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Ketoacidosis vs hyperosmolarity difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: The elderly type 2 subject (B) tends to have hyperosmolarity. A non-diabetic (C) or hypothyroid subject without diabetes (D) does not develop diabetic ketoacidosis. source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Terrain difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Moderate physical activity (B), balanced diet (C) and good compliance (D) are on the contrary protective. source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Triggering factor difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Progressive onset, dehydration, polypnea (B), ketonuria/acidosis (C) and hyperglycemia (D) point on the contrary towards ketoacidosis. source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Hypoglycemia vs ketoacidotic coma difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are severity markers requiring urgent treatment. D describes the absence of decompensation, therefore not a sign of seriousness. source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Signs of gravity difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C structure the approach: immediate blood sugar levels, search for ketosis/acidosis, but do not forget the neurological causes. D is dangerous and not justified. source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Metabolic vs neurological coma difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Home rest (B) is dangerous; stopping insulin (C) worsens the deficiency; corticosteroids (D) are hyperglycemic. (No dosage is specified here, academic principle only.) source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: General principle of support difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: The trap is to reduce the two to simple hyperglycemia: it is ketosis-acidosis that separates them. source_reference: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) source_course_title: Acute complications of diabetes mellitus (Pr.Khensal; Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua); CAT facing hypoglycemia in non-diabetics (Dr. Iabassen) theme: Ketoacidosis vs hyperosmolarity difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_acute_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Acute complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Infarction (B), arteriopathy (C) and stroke (D) come under macroangiopathy (large vessels). source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr. Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr. Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Micro vs. macroangiopathy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Macroscopic hematuria (B) points to another cause. The definitive absence of proteinuria (C) is false. Polyuria due to ADH deficiency (D) is diabetes insipidus. source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr. Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Nephropathy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D, on the contrary, describe a typically diabetic profile (parallelism with retinopathy, age, imbalance). source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Diabetic vs non-diabetic nephropathy difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: Mononeuropathies (B) exist but are less common; acute proximal motor (C) or spinal cord (D) involvement is not the usual presentation. source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Neuropathy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D describe an ischemic component (coldness, loss of pulse, claudication, cyanosis). source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Neuropathic vs ischemic foot difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C correspond to organized and early screening. D is false: waiting for symptoms would go against the principle of screening. source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Screening for complications difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C aggravate complications (glycemic imbalance, hypertension, tobacco). D is protective, therefore false as an aggravating factor. source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Associated risk factors difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D confuse the two structures and their mechanisms. source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Retinopathy vs cataract difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: The diabetic foot illustrates the intricacy of the two mechanisms. source_reference: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) source_course_title: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (Dr.Bensalem; Dr.Zaioua; Dr.Boudaira); Degenerative complications of diabetes (Pr.Boudaoud); CAT in front of a diabetic foot (Dr.Bensalem) theme: Micro vs. macroangiopathy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_diabete_chronic_complications module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Chronic complications of diabetes

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D describe the context of common obesity (intake, sedentary lifestyle, isolated). source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Simple vs. syndromic obesity difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D correspond to primary dyslipidemia (genetic/familial) without identifiable underlying cause. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Primary vs. secondary dyslipidemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: B wrongly isolates a parameter, C and D deny the role of lipids, which is false. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Global risk vs isolated anomaly difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: Hypercholesterolemia (B, D) is mainly atherogenic; a drop in HDL (C) increases cardiovascular risk but is not the main factor in pancreatitis. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Hypercholesterolemia vs hypertriglyceridemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: Biguanides (B) are antidiabetics, antithyroids (C) treat hyperthyroidism, thiazides (D) are diuretics/antihypertensives. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Hypolipidemic class difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are part of the grouping of metabolic syndrome (abdominal adiposity, dysglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia). D (iron deficiency) is not one of them. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Metabolic syndrome difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are validated principles of prevention. D is false: prevention is precisely useful before the events appear. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Cardiovascular prevention difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: B describes primary prevention, C is not prevention, D relates to mass screening. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Primary vs. secondary prevention difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: The key message: obesity is a chronic disease requiring lasting and comprehensive care. source_reference: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) source_course_title: Obesity (Dr.Khodja; Dr.Kaouache); Dyslipidemia (Dr.Bensalem); Hyperlipidemia (Pr. Lezzar); Nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular complications (Dr.Khodja) theme: Obesity - management principles difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_obesite_dyslipidemias_cardiometabolic_risk module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk

Explanation: explanation: B corresponds to primary hypothyroidism, C to thyrotropic insufficiency (pituitary origin), D to isolated autoimmunity without obvious dysfunction. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Peripheral hyperthyroidism profile difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: B corresponds to hyperthyroidism, C to central thyroid insufficiency, D to normal function. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Primary hypothyroidism profile difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: B and C reverse the profiles; D is false because the profiles differ precisely by TSH. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Primary vs central hypothyroidism difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: B and C describe hypothyroidism (metabolic slowdown), D is nonspecific. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Signs of hyperthyroidism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: B and C suggest thyroiditis (biphasic evolution, painful phase). D (hypofixation) points towards thyroiditis, not Graves (hyperfixation). source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Thyroiditis vs Basedow difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is false: simple goiter is not synonymous with cancer; malignancy must be sought but is not the rule. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Simple goiter and iodine deficiency difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C correctly distinguish the two forms. D is false: a collapsed free T4 defines the patent form, not the crude form. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Vrust vs. overt hypothyroidism difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: Antithyroid drugs (B) treat hyperthyroidism, corticosteroids (C) are not the basic treatment, and abstention (D) is not suitable for an overt form. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: General therapeutic principle difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: The trap is to apply the same behavior as outside pregnancy, while the fetal impact changes the care. source_reference: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) source_course_title: Hyperthyroidism (Pr.Boudaoud); Hypothyroidism (Dr.Boudaira); Thyroiditis (Dr.Boudaira); Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders (Dr.Bensalem); CAT facing dysthyroidism in pregnant women (Dr. Bensalem) theme: Dysthyroidism and pregnancy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroide_dysthyroidies_goiter_thyroiditis module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Thyroid: dysthyroidism, goiter and thyroiditis

Explanation: explanation: A soft, mobile and regressive nodule (B) is reassuring. A diffuse homogeneous goiter (C) and resolving thyroiditis (D) do not indicate cancer. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Arguments of malignancy difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: It does not decide with absolute certainty (B), does not measure TSH (C) and does not replace pathology (D). source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Ultrasound exploration difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: It does not measure hormones (B), is not a treatment (C) and does not claim a cure (D). source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Cytopuncture difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: B is excessive, C reverses the definitions, D denies a difference that is nevertheless essential. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Toxic nodule vs suspicious cold difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: Post-viral pain (B), biphasic evolution (C) and isolated autoimmunity (D) point to thyroiditis. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Cancer vs thyroiditis difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: B and C are incorrect absolutes, D denies the role of examinations, which are nevertheless decisive. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Surveillance vs surgery difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are factors or arguments of suspicion. D (pure regressive mobile cyst) is rather reassuring. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Risk factors for malignancy difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is false: iodine deficiency is not defined by antibodies, these sign autoimmunity. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Iodine deficiency vs autoimmunity difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: The trap is to quickly oppose benign and malign without a structured approach. source_reference: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule source_course_title: Thyroid nodules; Thyroid cancers; Nodular goiter; Simple goiter and iodine deficiency disorders; CAT in front of a thyroid nodule theme: Approach in front of a nodule difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_thyroid_nodules_cancers_iodine_deficiency module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Nodules, thyroid cancers and iodine pathology

Explanation: explanation: Diabetes insipidus (B) is mainly due to postpituitary damage and is not the typical tumor sign. C and D are off topic. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Tumor syndrome difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: A GH (B) deficiency would do the opposite. An excess of prolactin (C) gives rise to hyperprolactinemia. Thyroid deficiency (D) is unrelated. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Acromegaly - mechanism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: Acromegaly affects adults (B false), gigantism is an excess and not a deficiency (C false), and it is GH and not prolactin (D false). source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Acromegaly vs gigantism difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: Virilization (B) leads to an excess of androgens, goiter with exophthalmos (C) to Graves, aqueous polyuria (D) to diabetes insipidus. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Hyperprolactinemia - clinical difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: A major elevation with macroadenoma (B), a tumor syndrome (C) and visual impairment (D) point to an adenoma. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Functional hyperprolactinemia vs adenoma difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: Cataract (B), conjunctivitis (C) and migraine (D) are specific, non-compressive ophthalmological or neurological causes. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Compressive vs. primary visual disorder difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C correspond to the complete exploration (imaging, assessment of hypersecretion and deficit, visual field). D is false: an isolated dosage is not enough to eliminate a deficit. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Pituitary exploration difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is contradictory: a non-secreting adenoma does not, by definition, cause hormonal hypersecretion. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Secreting vs non-secreting adenoma difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: The key point is that the same adenoma can combine hypersecretion of one lineage and deficiency of others. source_reference: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology source_course_title: Pituitary adenomas; Acromegaly; Hyperprolactinemia; Exploration of the anterior pituitary; Pituitary pathology theme: Repercussions of an adenoma difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_adenomas_acromegaly_hyperprolactinemia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary gland: adenomas, acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia

Explanation: explanation: Hyperglycemia (B), glycosuria (C), and ketosis (D) characterize diabetes mellitus, not insipidus. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: Diabetes insipidus vs. diabetes mellitus difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: B and C reverse the mechanisms; D is false because the response to ADH is precisely the distinguishing criterion. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: central DI vs nephrogenic difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: B directs towards a DI, C towards a central DI, D towards a true DI: none describes potomania. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: Potomania vs DI difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: Hypersecretion of GH (B) is the opposite, isolated polyuria (C) suggests DI, and hyperthyroidism (D) is not a deficiency. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: Anterior pituitary insufficiency difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: B and C wrongly attribute these signs to the central origin; D denies a difference that is nevertheless clear. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: Anterior pituitary vs. primary adrenal insufficiency difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: B and C reverse the definitions, D denies the distinction. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: Isolated deficit vs panhypopituitarism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are the main hypotheses of a polyuro-polydipsic syndrome. D is false: hyperthyroidism is not an exclusive and constant cause of aqueous polyuria. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: SPUPD differential diagnosis difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is false: diabetes insipidus gives aqueous polyuria, without glycosuria. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: Osmotic vs aqueous polyuria difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: The trap is to confuse diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, then potomania and true DI. source_reference: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome source_course_title: Anterior pituitary insufficiency; Diabetes insipidus; Polyuro-polydipsic syndrome; CAT in front of polyuro-polydipsic syndrome theme: SPUPD approach difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_pituitary_insufficiency_diabetes_insipide_polyuro_polydipsia module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and polyuro-polydipsic syndrome

Explanation: explanation: B suggests adrenal insufficiency, C hypothyroidism, D diabetes insipidus. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Cushing's signs difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: B corresponds to ACTH-dependent Cushing's, C to primary adrenal insufficiency, D to corticotropic insufficiency. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Cushing ACTH-dependent vs. independent difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: Endogenous causes (B, C, D) are rarer than the iatrogenic cause. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Endogenous vs iatrogenic Cushing's difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: B evokes a Cushing's, C a Basedow, D a diabetes mellitus. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Primary adrenal insufficiency difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D wrongly assign characters from the primary form to the secondary form or reverse ACTH. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: primary vs secondary ISA difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: Adrenal insufficiency (B) tends to cause hypotension and hyperkalemia; C and D do not give this profile. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Endocrine hypokalemia difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: B and C invert the profiles (the treble is brutal and serious), D denies the difference, although it is major. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Slow vs acute adrenal insufficiency difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are warning signs of secondary endocrine hypertension. On the contrary, D describes a banal essential hypertension without warning signs. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Endocrine hypertension difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is false: hyperaldosteronism is linked to an excess of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), not catecholamines. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Hyperaldosteronism vs pheochromocytoma difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: The trap is to forget that corticosteroid therapy is the most common cause. source_reference: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology source_course_title: Cushing's syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Slow adrenal insufficiency; Endocrine hypertension; Adrenal pathology theme: Cushing approach difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_surrenales_cushing_insufficiency_hta_endocrine module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Adrenals: Cushing's, adrenal insufficiency and endocrine hypertension

Explanation: explanation: B rather suggests hypercalcemia, C hyperaldosteronism, D adrenal insufficiency. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Signs of hypocalcemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: Elevated reactive PTH (B) suggests vitamin D deficiency (secondary hyperparathyroidism). C and D describe hypercalcemia. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Hypocalcemia by hypoPTH vs vitamin deficiency difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: B suggests hypoparathyroidism, C hypercalcemia of another origin (slowed PTH), D an inconsistent profile. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Primary hyperparathyroidism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: B describes the primary (autonomy and hypercalcemia), C reverses the definitions, D denies the difference. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: primary vs secondary HPT difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: B points towards primary hyperparathyroidism, C towards reactive hypocalcemia, D is a normal profile. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Endocrine vs. tumor hypercalcemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: B and C suggest a non-organic disorder, D describes the opposite (hypercalcemia). source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Tetany vs. anxiety crisis difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C correctly describe the regulation. D is false: PTH increases serum calcium, it does not lower it. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Phosphocalcic metabolism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is false: a moderate chronic disorder does not systematically constitute an extreme emergency, unlike acute symptomatic forms. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: Acute vs. chronic calcium disorder difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: The key point is the role of PTH in separating hypoparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism. source_reference: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia source_course_title: Primary hyperparathyroidism; Primary hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Phosphocalcic metabolism; CAT in front of hypocalcemia theme: CAT facing hypocalcemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_parathyroides_calcium_hypocalcemia_hyperparathyroidism module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Parathyroids, calcium, hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation: explanation: B characterizes peripheral hypogonadism (gonadotropins elevated by lifting feedback), C and D do not correspond to hypogonadism. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Central vs. peripheral hypogonadism difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D point towards permanent organic hypogonadism. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Simple pubertal delay vs hypogonadism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: B and C reverse the mechanisms, D denies the essential distinction. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Central vs. peripheral precocious puberty difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D (suspicious character, testicular mass, identified cause) point towards pathological gynecomastia. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Physiological vs pathological gynecomastia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: B and C describe non-endocrine variants (simple delay, small family size). D is the inverse of a delay. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Endocrine vs constitutional growth retardation difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: B and C point towards an endocrine cause, D is the opposite (excess of GH). source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Growth disorder vs nutritional difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C correctly describe the axis and its feedback. D is false: gonadotropins are of pituitary origin, not gonadal. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Gonadotropic axis difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C constitute the orientation report. D is inappropriate and not justified. source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Pubertal anomalies difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: The key point is the direction of gonadotropins (high peripherally, low centrally). source_reference: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth source_course_title: Normal and pathological puberty; Hypogonadism; Gynecomastia; Growth retardation; Normal and pathological growth theme: Central vs. peripheral hypogonadism difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_reproduction_puberty_hypogonadism_gynecomastia_growth module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Reproduction, puberty, hypogonadism, gynecomastia and growth

Explanation: explanation: B suggests hyperaldosteronism, C a Cushing, D a Basedow. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Acute adrenal insufficiency difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: B rules out the risk area, C suggests hyperaldosteronism, D a Cushing's: none points towards adrenal insufficiency. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: ISA vs isolated sepsis difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: Abstention (B) is dangerous; antithyroids (C) and diuretics (D) are off topic. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Severe hypoglycemia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: Melanoderma (B), malignant hyperthermia (C) and exophthalmos (D) are not discriminating criteria here. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Hypoglycemic vs ketoacidotic coma difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: B, C and D describe simple hyperthyroidism without signs of severity. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Thyrotoxic crisis vs simple hyperthyroidism difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: B suggests a non-organic cause, C is the opposite, D does not correspond to a symptomatic form. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Symptomatic hypocalcemia vs spasmophilia difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are valid principles. D is false: vital actions should not be delayed by an exhaustive assessment. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Endocrine emergencies - principles difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: A, B and C are correct. D is false: moderate chronic decompensation does not require the same immediate actions as a life-threatening emergency. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Emergency vs. chronic decompensation difficulty: difficult submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors

Explanation: explanation: The trap is to delay vital actions in favor of an exhaustive assessment. source_reference: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia source_course_title: Endocrine emergencies; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar coma; Severe hypoglycemia; Acute adrenal insufficiency; Thyrotoxic crisis; Symptomatic hypocalcemia theme: Prioritization in endocrine emergencies difficulty: medium submodule_key: y5_endocrino_endocrine_urgences_general_conducts module_title: 5th year · Endocrinology · Endocrine emergencies and general behaviors